Exam #1

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Exam #1

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

The period 1315 to 1322 is best described as

a.	a time of scarcity and starvation.
b.	a time of plenty and prosperity.
c.	stable and peaceful.
d.	a time of civil war and bloodshed.
e.	a time of rapid intellectual advancement.

The highly infectious nature of the plague was enhanced by

a.	the imposition of quarantine measures.
b.	an influx of peasants seeking medical care.
c.	urban congestion and lack of sanitation.
d.	the total absence of health-care facilities.
e.	starving peasants' consumption of black rats.

The Dalimil Chronicle traces the history of the

a.	Bohemian people.
b.	Black Death in eastern Europe.
c.	English conquest of Ireland.
d.	Great Schism.
e.	Magyar defense of Hungary against German colonizers.

The Black Death made its last appearance in

a.	Paris in 1438.
b.	Marseilles in 1721.
c.	London in 1399.
d.	Frankfurt in 1897.
e.	Florence in 1622.

The establishment of new colleges and universities in the years following the Black Death

a.	greatly weakened the international nature of medieval culture.
b.	were generally similar to the internationally oriented earlier universities.
c.	enhanced the role of the papacy in European affairs.
d.	had no apparent connection to the previous crises.
e.	led to the foundation of the Dominican and Franciscan orders.

During the Hundred Years' War, the English kings were supported by some French barons because the latter

a.	disapproved of the Babylonian Captivity.
b.	were promised estates in England.
c.	wanted to stop the French monarchy's centralizing efforts.
d.	were economically dependent on the English wool trade.
e.	were Lollards.

The English victory at the Battle of Crécy resulted from

a.	the chivalric superiority of the English knights.
b.	their alliance with the Germans.
c.	the cowardice of the French knights.
d.	the effective use of longbows.
e.	the use of hand-held firearms.

Conciliarists, such as the theologians Pierre d'Ailly and Conrad Gelnhausen, maintained all of the following except that

a.	reform could best be accomplished by general assemblies representing all Christians.
b.	the pope's authority derived from the Christian community.
c.	the pope was not the head of the Christian church.
d.	a constitutional form of church government was preferable to the monarchical form.
e.	the pope existed to promote the well-being of the Christian community.

The spread of literacy

a.	was a response to needs of commerce and government.
b.	was hampered by the crises of the era.
c.	did not affect women.
d.	occurred only among the nobility and the clergy.
e.	did not begin until the Protestant Reformation.

10.

The young woman who saved France during the Hundred Years' War was

a.	Catherine of Siena.
b.	Joan of Arc.
c.	Christine de Pisan.
d.	Françoise of Florence.
e.	Theresa of Avila.

11.

Each of the following authors composed important works in their vernacular except

a.	Christine de Pisan.
b.	François Villon.
c.	Geoffrey Chaucer.
d.	Dante Alighieri.
e.	Thomas Aquinas.

12.

Villon's Grand Testament is distinguished from the works of Dante and Chaucer by its

a.	use of the female voice.
b.	use of prose rather than verse.
c.	use of the language of the poor and the criminal.
d.	spiritual themes.
e.	rejection of the church.

13.

__________ led the English to victory at Agincourt in 1415.

a.	Henry II
b.	Edward III
c.	Richard I
d.	Henry V
e.	John II

14.

Utraquism, endorsed by Jan Hus, refers to

a.	denial of the existence of the Trinity.
b.	the assertion that all Christian men are priests.
c.	the doctrine that a council of bishops, not the pope, should be the supreme authority in the church.
d.	rejection of the full divinity of Christ.
e.	endorsement of laypersons receiving communion in both kinds (bread and wine).

15.

The correspondence between John and Margaret Paston indicates that

a.	Margaret and John felt mutual affection and devotion.
b.	their marriage was purely a financial arrangement.
c.	some peasants were literate.
d.	their children received all the couple's affection.
e.	Margaret understood little of John's business dealings.

16.

In the High Middle Ages, prostitution was

a.	ruthlessly prosecuted by authorities.
b.	found only in the bustling seaports of the Mediterranean.
c.	both a rural and urban phenomenon.
d.	regulated by state authorities.
e.	endorsed by the church.

17.

The direct cause of the Hundred Years' War between England and France was

a.	the French seizure of the port of Calais.
b.	the English execution of Joan of Arc.
c.	King Edward III of England's seizure of Aquitaine.
d.	King Edward III of England's endorsement of Urban VI as the rightful pope.
e.	King Philip of France's seizure of Aquitaine.

18.

The immediate cause of the English peasant rebellion of 1381 was

a.	the reimposition of the head tax.
b.	the execution of Wat Tyler.
c.	the excommunication of John Wyclif.
d.	the French victory at the Battle of Poitiers.
e.	a sharp rise in grain prices.

19.

The census taken in the city of Florence between 1427 and 1430 suggests that

a.	the Black Death hit the elderly the hardest.
b.	the Black Death hit the young the hardest.
c.	the Black Death killed more men than women.
d.	the Black Death killed more women than men.
e.	the Black Death had little demographic impact on Florence.

20.

The rebellions that swept across Europe in the late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries

a.	were primarily political movements.
b.	resulted in important reforms.
c.	sparked efforts to reform the church.
d.	involved both rural and urban laboring people.
e.	were treated with leniency by nobles.

21.

In northern Italy, the assimilation of the feudal nobility and the commercial elites of the cities was accomplished largely by

a.	merchants' purchase of noble titles.
b.	nobles' joining the merchant guilds.
c.	the abolition of property requirements for citizenship in cities.
d.	merchants' construction of lavish castles in the countryside.
e.	intermarriage.

22.

All of the following were among the Italian powers that dominated the peninsula except

a.	the Papal States.
b.	Florence.
c.	Ferrara.
d.	Venice.
e.	Naples.

23.

The Italian popolo

a.	established democracies in the Italian city-states.
b.	desired government offices and equality of taxation.
c.	were never able to influence Italian politics.
d.	controlled the wool industry.
e.	intermarried with the nobility.

24.

By 1300, most of the Italian citystates were ruled by either signori or

a.	kings.
b.	oligarchies.
c.	elected assemblies.
d.	ecclesiastical princes.
e.	bishops.

25.

As consumer habits changed, an aristocrat's greatest expense was usually his

a.	urban palace.
b.	military hardware and training.
c.	daughter's dowry.
d.	food.
e.	jewelry and clothing.

26.

In which century did the mechanical clock become commonplace in European cities?

a.	twelfth
b.	thirteenth
c.	fourteenth
d.	fifteenth
e.	sixteenth

27.

The official attitude toward rape indicates that

a.	the status of women had improved.
b.	it was a serious crime against the victim and society.
c.	it was not a seen as a serious crime against either the victim or society.
d.	prostitution was designed to eradicate the crime.
e.	homosexual rape was a worse offense than heterosexual rape.

28.

The Florentine Office of the Night was created to control

a.	homosexual activities (sodomy).
b.	prostitution.
c.	radical elements in the popolo.
d.	the outbreak of heresy during the Renaissance.
e.	taverns.

29.

The French invasion of Italy at the end of the fifteenth century was predicted by

a.	Savonarola.
b.	Dante.
c.	Machiavelli.
d.	Lorenzo de Medici.
e.	Francesco Sforza.

30.

The most important factor in the emergence of the Italian Renaissance was the

a.	decline of religious feeling.
b.	political disunity of Italy.
c.	great commercial revival in Italy.
d.	creation of powerful, centralized monarchies.
e.	French patronage of Italian artists.

31.

Castiglione's manual on gentlemanly conduct

a.	focused on ridding oneself of vermin.
b.	suggested that early choice of a profession was crucial in becoming a gentleman.
c.	asserted that real men need not learn French.
d.	insisted that the real gentleman show Christian humility and kindness toward the downtrodden.
e.	suggested that gentlemen cultivate their abilities in a variety of fields, athletics to music to art to mathematics.

32.

According to Laura Cereta, the inferiority of women was a consequence of their

a.	biologic reproductive function.
b.	own failure to live up to their potential.
c.	lack of economic rights.
d.	overzealous commitment to religion.
e.	creation from Adam's rib.

33.

According to studies of the Florentine Office of the Night, the most common form of homosexual relationship between males was between

a.	noble and noble.
b.	noblemen and manual laborers.
c.	noblemen and servants.
d.	adult men and boys.
e.	artist and patron.

34.

According to Machiavelli, the sole test of “good” government was whether it

a.	provided the necessary public services.
b.	was based on Christian morality.
c.	protected the liberty of its citizens.
d.	was effective.
e.	improved the economy.

35.

All of the following ethnic groups were imported into western Europe as slaves during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries except

a.	Africans.
b.	Greeks.
c.	Albanians.
d.	Slavs.
e.	Portuguese.

36.

For ordinary women, the Renaissance

a.	had very little impact.
b.	improved the material conditions of their lives.
c.	worsened their status.
d.	allowed them access to education for the first time.
e.	opened up access to new livelihoods.

37.

__________'s Decameron embodied the new secular spirit.

a.	Boccaccio
b.	Pico della Mirandola
c.	Petrarch
d.	Da Vinci
e.	Lorenzo Valla

38.

Moveable type was invented in the West around

a.	1593.
b.	1412.
c.	1502.
d.	1454.
e.	1309.

39.

Thomas More's Utopia placed the blame for society's problems on

a.	human nature.
b.	God's will.
c.	society itself.
d.	the individual.
e.	King Henry VIII.

40.

According to the Dutch humanist Erasmus, the key to reform was

a.	education.
b.	control of the papacy.
c.	a pious life.
d.	the concerted effort that only a strong state could afford.
e.	adherence to church dogma.

41.

The social group that most often resisted the centralizing efforts of the “new monarchs” was the

a.	peasantry.
b.	nobility.
c.	bourgeoisie.
d.	urban workers.
e.	clergy.

42.

Black slaves were _________ in the Renaissance courts of northern Italy.

a.	unknown
b.	little valued
c.	greatly in demand
d.	used only for manual labor
e.	unfashionable

43.

The Star Chamber

a.	dealt with noble threats to royal power in England.
b.	was dominated by the great nobles of England.
c.	was the English equivalent of the Spanish Inquisition.
d.	dealt with the finances of the English government.
e.	was largely staffed by conversos.

44.

The Tudors won the support of the upper middle class by

a.	reforming the church.
b.	promoting peace and social order.
c.	restricting the wages of the working classes.
d.	lowering taxes and subsidizing the wool industry.
e.	opening up officerships in the Navy to them.

45.

___________'s Gargantua and Pantagruel is a comic masterpiece.

a.	Rabelais
b.	Moore
c.	Erasmus
d.	Colet
e.	Van Eyck

46.

Martin Luther wrote his letter entitled “NinetyFive Theses” to Archbishop Albert in response to

a.	Luther's personal struggle with the question of salvation.
b.	the election of Charles V.
c.	the draining of Germany's wealth by the papacy.
d.	a new campaign to sell indulgences.
e.	the construction of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome.

47.

The doctrine of indulgence rests on all of the following principles except

a.	belief that God is both merciful and just.
b.	belief in salvation by faith alone.
c.	belief that Christ and the saints established a treasury of merit.
d.	belief that the church has the authority to grant sinners access to the treasury of merit.
e.	The doctrine rests on all four of these principles.

48.

In 1521, Charles V ordered Luther to appear before the

a.	Diet of Worms.
b.	Council of Augsburg.
c.	Diet of Wittenburg.
d.	Tribunal of the Holy Office.
e.	Court of the Holy Office.

49.

Luther saw the _________ as the special domain of women.

a.	church
b.	home
c.	public market
d.	convent
e.	pulpit

50.

Luther viewed sex as

a.	an abomination.
b.	inevitable but condemned by God.
c.	allowed between consenting adults.
d.	a good and natural thing within marriage.
e.	an invention of the devil.

51.

Calvin's reform movement

a.	was suppressed by the civil authorities in Geneva.
b.	was restricted to Switzerland and France.
c.	was thoroughly integrated into the civil government of Geneva.
d.	rejected any role in the secular government of Geneva.
e.	was quickly rejected by the citizens of Geneva.

52.

Ulrich Zwingli attacked all of the following except

a.	indulgences.
b.	monasticism.
c.	the doctrine of the Trinity.
d.	clerical celibacy.
e.	the Mass.

53.

According to Calvin, the elect were

a.	the leaders of the Genevan Consistory.
b.	the intellectual leaders of the Reformation.
c.	those individuals chosen for salvation.
d.	all Protestants.
e.	the elected ministers of the church.

54.

The Genevan Consistory

a.	regulated the behavior of Genevans in a manner consistent with other European cities.
b.	severely regulated the conduct of Genevans.
c.	routinely harbored religious dissenters from around Europe.
d.	attempted to suppress Calvinism.
e.	included Calvinist, Lutheran, and Zwinglian representatives.

55.

The decision to burn Michael Servetus at the stake reflected

a.	Calvin's hatred of Roman Catholicism.
b.	the religious intolerance of the Catholic Inquisition.
c.	Luther's rejection of other Protestant theologians.
d.	Calvin's harsh view of religious dissent.
e.	the pan-European persecution of Anabaptists.

56.

Recent research on the English church before Henry VIII's break with Rome indicates that

a.	a vast gap existed between the clergy and the English people.
b.	the church was in a very healthy condition.
c.	conditions in England mirrored those on the continent.
d.	clerical abuse and ignorance was worse in England than on the continent.
e.	a majority of English Catholics were Lollards.

57.

The Reformation in England was primarily the result of

a.	dynastic and romantic concerns of Henry VIII.
b.	the missionary activity of the Lollards.
c.	the terrible conditions then existing in the English churches.
d.	efforts by Luther and his followers.
e.	Elizabeth I's conversion to Presbyterianism.

58.

Luther and Zwingli disagreed on which of the following issues?

a.	priestly celibacy.
b.	the authority of Scripture.
c.	indulgences.
d.	monasticism.
e.	the Eucharist.

59.

The Tridentine decree Tametsi stipulated that

a.	for a marriage to be valid, it had to be witnessed by a priest.
b.	each diocese had to establish a seminary.
c.	bishops had to live in their own dioceses.
d.	the sale of indulgences was illegal.
e.	no church offices would be sold.

60.

The overriding goal of the Catholic religious orders established in the sixteenth century was

a.	institutional reform.
b.	reconciliation with Protestantism.
c.	to combat heresy and Protestantism.
d.	to uplift the spiritual condition of both clergy and laity.
e.	conversion of Asians and Africans.

61.

The new religious order for women that emerged in the sixteenth century was the

a.	Ursuline Order.
b.	Society of Jesus.
c.	Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office.
d.	Colloquy of Marburg.
e.	Evangelines.

62.

The Index was

a.	a list of official doctrines of the Catholic church.
b.	a list of individuals condemned by the Roman Inquisition.
c.	the cardinals who directed the Roman Inquisition.
d.	a catalog of forbidden reading.
e.	Luther's commentaries on the Scriptures.

63.

The victory of the Ottomans over the Hungarians on the plain of __________ led to a great advance of Protestantism in Hungary.

a.	Budapest
b.	Mohács
c.	Suleiman
d.	the Danube
e.	Cracow

64.

European overseas expansion was facilitated by all of the following innovations except the

a.	use of sail power.
b.	caravel.
c.	mounting of cannon on naval vessels.
d.	astrolabe.
e.	galley.

65.

Prince Henry of Portugal is significant for his

a.	role in subduing the Dutch revolt.
b.	support of exploration.
c.	support of the Protestants in the Thirty Years' War.
d.	opposition to slavery.
e.	rounding of the Cape of Good Hope in 1498.

66.

Before the Portuguese gained control of the spice trade in the Indian Ocean, the trade had been controlled by the

a.	Muslims.
b.	Venetians.
c.	Spanish.
d.	Byzantines.
e.	Ming Chinese.

67.

The primary motivation for European explorers was

a.	material profit.
b.	population pressure.
c.	crusading zeal.
d.	Renaissance curiosity.
e.	fear of the Black Death.

68.

The quinto was

a.	the general term for the Spanish colonial administration.
b.	a Spanish tax on all precious metals mined in its colonies.
c.	the term for African slaves in Portugal.
d.	the term used to describe the decimation of the natives of Hispaniola.
e.	the forced labor duty imposed on all natives in some viceroyalties.

69.

___________ published the Edict of Nantes in 1598.

a.	Francis I
b.	Henry II
c.	Henry IV
d.	Louis XII
e.	Louis X

70.

The population losses caused by the plague and the Hundred Years' War

a.	greatly benefited the French nobility.
b.	resulted in the virtual disappearance of serfdom in France.
c.	led to foreign invasion of France.
d.	led to the introduction of serfdom in France.
e.	led to the reimposition of serfdom in eastern Europe.

71.

The French royal budget in the first half of the sixteenth century was strained by both the HabsburgValois wars and

a.	loss of feudal dues and rents.
b.	overseas exploration.
c.	extravagant promotion of the arts by the monarchs.
d.	the military defeats of the Thirty Years' War.
e.	the Price Revolution.

72.

When Charles V abdicated, his son Philip received all of the following except

a.	the kingdom of Sicily.
b.	Austria.
c.	the Low Countries.
d.	Spain.
e.	Milan.

73.

Philip II shared with Luther and Calvin the belief that

a.	salvation comes by God's gift of grace.
b.	church and civil authorities should destroy heresy.
c.	the state should impose morality on its subjects.
d.	the pope was not infallible.
e.	laypeople ought to read the Bible.

74.

The Edict of Nantes

a.	ended the Thirty Years' War.
b.	proclaimed religious tolerance for Catholics, Lutherans, and Calvinists throughout the Holy Roman Empire.
c.	liberated all Christian slaves in France.
d.	restored Catholicism in England.
e.	provided conditions for the peaceful coexistence of Calvinism and Catholicism in France.

75.

Amerindians gave the Spanish

a.	smallpox.
b.	syphilis.
c.	typhoid.
d.	bubonic plague.
e.	the common cold.

76.

Peter Paul Rubens is best remembered as

a.	a painter whose work exemplifies the sensuality of Baroque painting.
b.	the leader of the Dutch revolt against the Spanish.
c.	a Huguenot leader in France.
d.	the writer who developed the essay as a literary genre.
e.	the foremost Baroque composer.

77.

The caravel was

a.	the palace of the Spanish king.
b.	the Catholic festival occurring just before Lent.
c.	an instrument to measure the elevation of stars or the sun above the horizon.
d.	a three-masted sailing vessel developed in Portugal.
e.	a new type of light and mobile field cannon first used by the French in the Thirty Years' War.

78.

The introduction of slavery into the Americas was conditioned most by the production of

a.	cotton.
b.	spices.
c.	rice.
d.	sugar.
e.	tobacco.

79.

Shakespeare's history plays, such as Richard II,

a.	exalt the English nation.
b.	glorify the classical ideal.
c.	were usually set in Italy.
d.	were very unpopular at the time.
e.	were probably authored by Christopher Marlowe.

80.

The Authorized Version of the Bible reflected the efforts of the Anglicans and Puritans to

a.	stamp out Catholicism.
b.	unite their churches.
c.	encourage the laity to read the Bible.
d.	identify themselves with the English throne.
e.	spread the gospel to Africa.

81.

Baroque art was

a.	reserved for rich patrons and the educated elite.
b.	intended to kindle the faith of the common people.
c.	banned in Protestant countries.
d.	simple and austere, lacking in emotion.
e.	first developed in the Netherlands.

82.

The period ___________ saw witch-hunting on an unprecedented scale.

a.	1560 to 1660
b.	1500 to 1600
c.	1600 to 1700
d.	1550 to 1580
e.	1530 to 1700

83.

A state may be termed __________ when it possesses a monopoly over the instruments of justice and the use of force within clearly defined boundaries.

a.	sovereign
b.	absolute
c.	a monarchy
d.	a nation
e.	a constitutional nation

84.

Political power in the Dutch republic was

a.	held by the central government.
b.	controlled by an oligarchy of wealthy merchants.
c.	held by the stadholder and his royal courtiers.
d.	exercised by a democratically elected States General.
e.	monopolized by members of the Calvinist Consistory.

85.

__________, Henry IV's chief minister, was a devout Protestant.

a.	Locke
b.	Colbert
c.	Richelieu
d.	Sully
e.	Marat

86.

French intendants were almost always recruited from the

a.	nobles of the sword.
b.	new, judicial nobility.
c.	commercial elite.
d.	university professors.
e.	senior clergy.

87.

Richelieu's constructive genius is best reflected in his

a.	military victories.
b.	attacks on French Protestants.
c.	support of regional nobility.
d.	unwillingness to use war as an instrument of state power.
e.	administrative innovations.

88.

Louis XIII's decision to destroy Huguenot independence was based on

a.	the Huguenots' close relationship with England.
b.	Huguenot attempts to resume the religious wars of the previous century.
c.	the king's desire to confiscate Huguenot property.
d.	the Huguenots' refusal to allow Catholics freedom of worship in Huguenot cities.
e.	his desire to settle Canada more rapidly.

89.

The English political philosopher Thomas Hobbes held that

a.	kings ruled by divine right.
b.	Parliament ruled by divine right.
c.	only in England was a limited, constitutional monarchy possible.
d.	mankind is inherently good and requires no formal government.
e.	the power of the ruler was absolute but derived from an implicit contract with the governed.

90.

Richelieu's notion of ____________ justified actions on behalf of the state that would be condemned if carried out by private individuals.

a.	raison d'état
b.	absolutism
c.	totalitarianism
d.	sin
e.	esprit de corps

91.

The spark that caused the English Glorious Revolution was the

a.	conflict over taxation between Charles II and Parliament.
b.	fear of a Catholic dynasty being established by James II.
c.	economic dislocation that had resulted from the civil war.
d.	defeat suffered in the War of the Spanish Succession.
e.	1640 uprising in Ireland.

92.

Louis XIV installed his royal court at

a.	Paris.
b.	Versailles.
c.	Aix.
d.	Dijon.
e.	Languedoc.

93.

In 1685 _____________ was the strongest and most highly centralized state in Europe.

a.	Spain
b.	England
c.	France
d.	the Netherlands
e.	Austria

94.

The primary instrument of Dutch overseas imperialism was the

a.	Royal Navy.
b.	Dutch East India Company.
c.	Bank of Amsterdam.
d.	Company for Trade and Exploitation of the East.
e.	States General.

95.

Which country had the highest living standards in Europe in the mid-seventeenth century?

a.	England.
b.	France.
c.	Sweden.
d.	Spain.
e.	the Netherlands.

96.

A significant feature of English society in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries was

a.	growing wealth of the country gentry and middleclass businessmen.
b.	resurgence of Roman Catholicism.
c.	declining popularity of “reformed” religions.
d.	economic decline of the business classes.
e.	increasing importance of monasticism.

97.

Between 1635 and 1659 the French army increased by approximately how many times?

a.	Two.
b.	Five.
c.	Ten.
d.	Twenty.
e.	One hundred.

98.

John Locke was the great spokesman

a.	who justified the execution of Charles I on charges of treason.
b.	of Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate.
c.	who defended James I's absolutist claims.
d.	of the Glorious Revolution of 1688.
e.	for the Test Act.

99.

The final collapse of Spain as a great military power was symbolized by the defeat at the Battle of Rocroi, and the resulting Treaty of

a.	Utrecht.
b.	the White Mountain.
c.	the Pyrenees.
d.	Olivares.
e.	Westphalia.

100.

French foreign policy under Richelieu focused primarily on the

a.	prevention of the Habsburgs from unifying the territories surrounding France.
b.	destruction of English naval power.
c.	destruction of the economic power of the Low Countries.
d.	protection of Burgundy.
e.	winning back of Alsace-Lorraine.

101.

Starvation and economic crisis in France in 1688–1694 were caused by all of the following except

a.	pillaging troops.
b.	high taxes to support the war effort.
c.	a typhoid epidemic.
d.	cold, wet summers.
e.	a slump in exports.

102.

Charles II was restored to the English throne in

a.	1688.
b.	1645.
c.	1703.
d.	1648.
e.	1660.

103.

In response to the problems of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, the landlords of eastern Europe

a.	offered better economic terms to their peasants.
b.	used political power to gain control of the peasants.
c.	renounced their traditional control of local justice.
d.	imported labor from western Europe.
e.	imported Turkic slaves.

104.

As a result of the revolt by the Bohemian nobility in 1618,

a.	Bohemia gained independence from the Habsburgs.
b.	the Habsburgs allowed Protestants to worship.
c.	much of the native Bohemian nobility was replaced with nobles loyal to the Habsburgs.
d.	the Bohemian parliament gained power over taxation.
e.	Germans were driven from Bohemia.

105.

In the aftermath of the siege of Vienna in 1683, the Habsburgs

a.	were forced to relinquish Bohemia.
b.	reestablished the parliaments of Bohemia and Styria.
c.	pursued a peaceful relationship with the Ottoman Empire.
d.	conquered most of Hungary and Transylvania.
e.	fortified Prague.

106.

What was the impact of the Thirty Years' War on Brandenburg-Prussia?

a.	These areas were alternately ravaged by Swedish and Habsburg armies.
b.	There was very little impact.
c.	Merchants from Brandenburg-Prussia grew wealthy manufacturing and exporting arms.
d.	Prussian military victories during the war enabled the Elector of Brandenburg to crush the noble assembly.
e.	Sweden absorbed Brandenburg-Prussia.

107.

Each nation, or ________, in the Ottoman Empire enjoyed autonomous self-government under its religious leaders.

a.	janissary
b.	millet
c.	sultan
d.	harem
e.	stan

108.

All of the following were factors in the Hungarians' fight against Habsburg absolutism except

a.	the strength of the Protestant faith in Hungary.
b.	an alliance with the Turks.
c.	the commercial and industrial strength of Hungary.
d.	early adherence to a national ideal.
e.	the determination of the Hungarian nobility to maintain their independence.

109.

The Sultan of the Ottoman Empire filled the top ranks of his bureaucracy with

a.	close family members.
b.	Persians, including many Zoroastrians.
c.	slaves, many of them taken from the Christian Balkans as boys and converted to Islam.
d.	top-ranking Ottoman generals.
e.	Muslim clerics.

110.

The policies and actions of Frederick William I were based on his belief that the welfare of the king and state depended on the

a.	army.
b.	agrarian economy.
c.	bureaucracy.
d.	nobility.
e.	peasants.

111.

The most enduring legacy of Frederick William I was

a.	the establishment of a first-rate bureaucracy.
b.	the abolition of the Brandenburg Estates.
c.	his decision to transform the peasants into serfs.
d.	the acquisition of the royal title.
e.	molding the most militaristic country of modern times.

112.

Prussia's landowning classes were known as the

a.	Electors.
b.	Junkers.
c.	Kaisers.
d.	Burghers.
e.	Tartars.

113.

The _________ sacked Kiev in 1242.

a.	Austrians
b.	Turks
c.	Mongols
d.	Byzantines
e.	Bohemians

114.

One important factor in the rise of princes of Moscow to domination over other Slavic cities in the area was

a.	Moscow's greater antiquity.
b.	military aid from Byzantium.
c.	the fertility of the land around Moscow and the wealth of mineral resources.
d.	Moscow's stand against the Patriarch of Constantinople.
e.	cooperation with the Mongols.

115.

Alexander Nevsky, prince of __________, was adept at serving the Mongols.

a.	Kiev
b.	Cracow
c.	Moscow
d.	the Urals
e.	the Rus

116.

How was the emergence of large Cossack bands in the Ukraine in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries related to political and economic developments to the north in Russia?

a.	Many Cossacks were peasants fleeing enserfment in Russia.
b.	Many Cossacks were religious dissenters who left the official Orthodox church following the schism.
c.	Cossacks were gentry dispossessed by Ivan the Terrible who sought new lands.
d.	Cossacks were Turkic tribesmen who persistently raided the north.
e.	Cossacks were an elite military force created by the newly powerful tsars.

117.

Following the late seventeenth century schism in the Russian Orthodox church, dissenters from the official church became known as

a.	boyars.
b.	kholops.
c.	Old Believers.
d.	Cossacks.
e.	starozhiltsy.

118.

Peter's involvement in the Great Northern War was a consequence of

a.	the aggression of the Swedes.
b.	his adherence to an aggressive alliance against Sweden.
c.	Russia's losses in the previous war with the Ottoman Empire.
d.	his attempt to westernize Russia.
e.	closer trade ties with Britain.

119.

The reign of Peter the Great was characterized by

a.	noble rebellion.
b.	relative peace.
c.	incessant warfare.
d.	economic and social transformation.
e.	a decrease in taxes.

120.

Led by Stenka Razin, the ____________ revolted in 1670–1671.

a.	Cossacks
b.	boyars
c.	peasants
d.	Russian army
e.	Russian Protestants

121.

The Baroque palaces of central and eastern European princes were modeled on

a.	Notre Dame de Paris.
b.	the Louvre.
c.	Versailles.
d.	the Kremlin.
e.	the Winter Palace.

122.

The population of St. Petersburg was

a.	largely Finnish.
b.	drawn to the new capital by its beauty.
c.	composed almost exclusively of government officials.
d.	composed of mostly foreigners who had built the city.
e.	compelled by Peter to reside there.

123.

The ___________ state was composed of three separate and distinct territories.

a.	Habsburg
b.	Russian
c.	Prussian
d.	Ottoman
e.	Polish

124.

The Edict of Nantes was intended to

a.	establish a permanent policy of toleration.
b.	diminish the importance of Protestants in France.
c.	create an absolute separation of church and state.
d.	raise funds for new wars.
e.	promote temporary religious and civil concord.

125.

The decline of the Dutch economy was caused by

a.	an inflationary spiral created by Spanish gold.
b.	the wars of the seventeenth century.
c.	labor unrest and rebellion.
d.	the collapse of the wool industry.
e.	deflation of the price of tulip bulbs.